cmake生成的compile_commands.json的详细程度远不如xmake生成的（目前仅对比了msvc时）。
cmake生成的compile_commands.json里含有宏并依赖INCLUDE、LIB等环境变量，因此clangd在没有加载vs的环境变量时，高亮是错误的。而xmake生成的直接把vs环境变量加入了编译命令，因此clangd直接找到了对应的头文件，高亮正常。
解决方案：从Develop Powershell for VS里启动VS（其中一种方案）
我的选择是将加载vs环境变量的脚本启动写入pwsh的$profile里，这样就无需专门打开那个终端了
# ====================================================
# 自动加载 Visual Studio 环境变量
# ====================================================
function Invoke-Environment {
param(
[Parameter(Mandatory=$true)]
[string] $Command
)
# 让 cmd 执行命令，捕获所有环境变量并应用到当前会话
cmd /c "$Command > nul 2>&1 && set" | .{process{
if ($_ -match '^([^=]+)=(.*)') {
[System.Environment]::SetEnvironmentVariable($matches[1], $matches[2])
}
}}
if ($LASTEXITCODE) {
throw "Command '$Command' failed with exit code: $LASTEXITCODE"
}
}
# --- 自动查找并加载最新版 Visual Studio ---
# 1. 定义 vswhere.exe 的固定绝对路径（64位系统）
$vswhere = "${env:ProgramFiles(x86)}\Microsoft Visual Studio\Installer\vswhere.exe"
# 2. 如果上述路径不存在，尝试 32 位系统的路径
if (-not (Test-Path $vswhere)) {
$vswhere = "${env:ProgramFiles}\Microsoft Visual Studio\Installer\vswhere.exe"
}
# 3. 如果找到了 vswhere，用它查询最新 VS 的安装路径
if (Test-Path $vswhere) {
$vsPath = & $vswhere -prerelease -latest -property installationPath
if ($vsPath) {
$vsDevCmd = Join-Path $vsPath "Common7\Tools\VsDevCmd.bat"
if (Test-Path $vsDevCmd) {
Write-Host "找到 Visual Studio: $vsPath" -ForegroundColor Green
# 加载环境变量（默认加载 x64 架构，可自行修改）
Invoke-Environment "call `"$vsDevCmd`" -arch=amd64 -host_arch=amd64"
Write-Host "Visual Studio 环境变量已加载。" -ForegroundColor Green
} else {
Write-Warning "未找到 VsDevCmd.bat，路径: $vsDevCmd"
}
} else {
Write-Warning "vswhere 未找到任何 Visual Studio 安装。"
}
} else {
Write-Warning "未找到 vswhere.exe，请确认 Visual Studio 已正确安装。"
}另外的，我还对vscode新建内置终端添加了VS Dev Terminal的配置以自动加载vs环境变量，这样就类似Develop Powershell for VS了
"terminal.integrated.profiles.windows": {
// 默认x64
"VS Dev Terminal": {
"source": "PowerShell",
"icon": "terminal-powershell",
"args": [
"-NoExit",
"-Command",
"& { $vs = & 'C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Microsoft Visual Studio\\Installer\\vswhere.exe' -latest -products * -requires Microsoft.Component.MSBuild -property installationPath; Import-Module (Join-Path $vs 'Common7\\Tools\\Microsoft.VisualStudio.DevShell.dll'); Enter-VsDevShell -VsInstallPath $vs -DevCmdArguments '-arch=x64 -host_arch=x64' }"
],
}
},附：
cmake生成的
[
{
"directory": "C:/Users/yuan/Desktop/cpp-test/build",
"command": "D:\\MICROS~3\\18\\ENTERP~1\\VC\\Tools\\MSVC\\1451~1.362\\bin\\Hostx64\\x64\\cl.exe /nologo /TP -W4 -WX- -permissive- -EHsc -utf-8 -GS -guard:cf -Zi -Od -MDd -RTC1 -D_DEBUG -fp:precise -Oy- -std:c++latest -MDd /FoCMakeFiles\\cpp-test.dir\\main.cpp.obj /FdCMakeFiles\\cpp-test.dir\\ /FS -c C:\\Users\\yuan\\Desktop\\cpp-test\\main.cpp",
"file": "C:/Users/yuan/Desktop/cpp-test/main.cpp",
"output": "C:/Users/yuan/Desktop/cpp-test/build/CMakeFiles/cpp-test.dir/main.cpp.obj"
}
]xmake生成的
[
{
"directory": "c:\\Users\\yuan\\Desktop\\xmake-test",
"arguments": ["D:\\Microsoft Visual Studio\\18\\Enterprise\\VC\\Tools\\MSVC\\14.51.36231\\bin\\HostX64\\x64\\cl.exe", "/c", "/nologo", "/MDd", "/Zi", "/FS", "/Fdbuild\\windows\\x64\\debug\\compile.xmake-test.pdb", "/Od", "/EHsc", "/Fobuild\\.objs\\xmake-test\\windows\\x64\\debug\\src\\main.cpp.obj", "src\\main.cpp", "-imsvc", "D:\\Microsoft Visual Studio\\18\\Enterprise\\VC\\Tools\\MSVC\\14.51.36231\\include", "-imsvc", "D:\\Microsoft Visual Studio\\18\\Enterprise\\VC\\Tools\\MSVC\\14.51.36231\\ATLMFC\\include", "-imsvc", "D:\\Microsoft Visual Studio\\18\\Enterprise\\VC\\Auxiliary\\VS\\include", "-imsvc", "C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Windows Kits\\10\\include\\10.0.26100.0\\ucrt", "-imsvc", "C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Windows Kits\\10\\\\include\\10.0.26100.0\\\\um", "-imsvc", "C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Windows Kits\\10\\\\include\\10.0.26100.0\\\\shared", "-imsvc", "C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Windows Kits\\10\\\\include\\10.0.26100.0\\\\winrt", "-imsvc", "C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Windows Kits\\10\\\\include\\10.0.26100.0\\\\cppwinrt", "-imsvc", "C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Windows Kits\\NETFXSDK\\4.8.1\\include\\um"],
"file": "src\\main.cpp"
}]